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Bibliography

Books:

Madison, R. P., & Wolff, C. (2025). Designing Victory. Cleveland: Act 3 LLC.

Coles, R. T. (n.d.). Architecture and Advocacy.

Goode, M. (2025). Dark Space: Architecture, Representation, Black Identity. Columbia Books on Architecture and the City.

Wilkins, C. L. (2007). The Aesthetics of Equity: Notes on Race, Space, Architecture, and Music. University of Minnesota Press.

Kaplan, V. (2006). Structural Inequality: Black Architects in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Anthony, K. (2001). Design for Diversity: Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in Architecture. University of Illinois Press.

Elleh, N. (1997). African Architecture: Evolution and Transformation. McGraw-Hill.

Elleh, N. (2002). Architecture and Power in Africa. Praeger.

Elleh, N. (2002). Abuja: The Single Most Ambitious Urban Design Project of the 20th Century. VDG.

Hudson, K. (1994). Paul R. Williams: A Legacy of Style. Rizzoli.

Hughes, D. (1994). Afrocentric Architecture. Greyden Press.

Mitchell, M. L. (2001). The Crisis of the African American Architect. Writers Club Press.

Travis, J. (1991). African American Architects in Current Practice. Princeton Architectural Press.

Wilson, D. (2004). African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945. Routledge.

Articles and Blogs:

Bernstein, F. (2004, June 24). For African-Americans, a chance to draft history. The New York Times.

Foley, A. (2017, March 13). Meet the architects behind Detroit’s next act. Architectural Digest.

Gunts, E. (2005, June 5). Two men, one vision: Architects Phil Freelon and Gary Bowden team up to bring Balt. new Afr. The Baltimore Sun.

Inquirer, P. (2017, August 13). The overlooked African American architect who completed Louis Kahn's masterpiece. The Philadelphia Inquirer.

Wilkins, C. (2007, October). Twisted: African-American architects and signature commissions. AIA Archiblog.

Kiisk, L. (2003). 20 on 20/20 Vision: Perspectives on Diversity and Design. AIA Diversity Committee and Boston Society of Architects.

Online Resources:

Jones, C. (2011, September 21). Architects of Mississippi: Clair Maurice Jones. MissPreservation Blog. Retrieved from https://misspreservation.com

Triangle Modernist Houses. (2025). Pioneering Black Architects in North Carolina. Retrieved from https://www.trianglemodernisthouses.com

Arch + Black. (2007). Biographical data on Black architects and important buildings. Retrieved from https://arch-n-black.blogspot.com

Journals and Reports:

The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. (1999, Spring). Declining enrollments of Blacks in schools of architecture, 35-38.

Ebony Magazine. (2005, October). Black architects: Embracing and defining, 108-112.

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DAAA - How We Prepared the First Directory
directory history
02.01.2020

DAAA - How We Prepared the First Directory

We set out to prepare the first directory of African American Architects in late 1989. Our goal was to substantiate with statistics what we and others had concluded on the basis of anecdote: that African American architects considered themselves underrepresented in a largely "white gentleman's profession."

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DAAA- Introduction
directory history
01.01.2020

DAAA- Introduction

This Directory of African American Architects identifies and highlights licensed African American architects who practice in both the private and public sectors, who teach in higher education, and who work in associated disciplines.

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DAAA - Use of This Directory
directory history
05.01.2020

DAAA - Use of This Directory

We hope that this directory will enjoy many uses. Our aim is to help broaden networks for those listed and open up opportunities for joint professional ventures.

Read more